Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*. There are several forms and classifications of TB, depending on the location, stage, and type of infection:
1. **Latent TB**
- **Definition**: The bacteria are present in the body but inactive. The individual does not show symptoms and is not contagious.
- **Characteristics**:
- No symptoms
- Cannot spread the disease
- Positive TB skin test or blood test
- May develop into active TB if the immune system weakens
2. **Active TB**
- **Definition**: The TB bacteria are active, multiplying, and causing symptoms. This form is contagious and can spread to others.
- **Symptoms**:
- Persistent cough (lasting more than 3 weeks)
- Chest pain
- Coughing up blood
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Fever and night sweats
- **Spread**: Through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
3. **Pulmonary TB**
- **Definition**: TB that affects the lungs, the most common form of the disease.
- **Symptoms**:
- Chronic cough
- Blood-streaked sputum
- Chest pain
- Difficulty breathing
4. **Extrapulmonary TB**
- **Definition**: TB that occurs outside of the lungs, affecting other organs or systems in the body.
- **Common Sites**:
- Lymph nodes (TB lymphadenitis)
- Kidneys
- Spine (Pott’s disease)
- Brain (TB meningitis)
- Gastrointestinal tract
- **Symptoms**: Varies based on the organ affected; for example, back pain in spinal TB or neurological symptoms in TB meningitis.
5. **Miliary TB**
- **Definition**: A rare but severe form of TB that occurs when the bacteria spread through the bloodstream to multiple organs.
- **Symptoms**:
- High fever
- Weight loss
- Difficulty breathing
- Enlarged organs such as the liver and spleen
- Tiny lesions ("millet seed" appearance) on chest X-rays
- **Significance**: Can be life-threatening and requires urgent medical treatment.
6. **Drug-resistant TB**
- **Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)**: Resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs.
- **Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)**: Resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one second-line injectable drug (like amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin).
- **Causes**:
- Improper or incomplete treatment
- Use of incorrect medications
- Transmission from a person with drug-resistant TB
Early detection and treatment are crucial in managing TB, especially drug-resistant forms, which are harder to treat and require longer, more complex treatment.
- **à°®ైà°•ోà°¬్à°¯ాà°•్à°Ÿీà°°ిà°¯ం à°Ÿ్à°¯ూబర్à°•్à°¯ుà°²ోà°¸ిà°¸్** – TB à°•ి à°•ారణమయ్à°¯ే à°¬్à°¯ాà°•్à°Ÿీà°°ిà°¯ా.
- **à°²ేà°Ÿెంà°Ÿ్ TB** – à°•్à°°ిà°¯ాà°¶ీà°²ం à°•ాà°¨ి, à°¸ంà°•్రమణం జరగని TB à°°ూà°ªం.
- **ఆక్à°Ÿిà°µ్ TB** – లక్à°·à°£ాలతో à°•ూà°¡ిà°¨, à°¸ంà°•్రమణీయమైà°¨ TB à°°ూà°ªం.
- **పల్à°®ోనరీ TB** – à°Šà°ªిà°°ిà°¤ిà°¤్à°¤ులకు à°ª్à°°à°ాà°µం à°šూà°ªే TB.
- **à°Žà°•్à°¸్à°Ÿ్à°°ాపల్à°®ోనరీ TB** – à°Šà°ªిà°°ిà°¤ిà°¤్à°¤ుà°² à°µెà°²ుపల జరిà°—ే TB.
- **à°®ిà°²ియరీ TB** – à°…à°°ుà°¦ైà°¨ à°°ూà°ªం, ఇక్à°•à°¡ TB à°°à°•్తప్రసరణ à°µ్యవస్à°¥ à°¦్à°µాà°°ా à°µ్à°¯ాà°ªిà°¸్à°¤ుంà°¦ి.
- **à°¡్à°°à°—్-à°°ెà°¸ిà°¸్à°Ÿెంà°Ÿ్ TB** – à°¸ాà°§ాà°°à°£ à°®ంà°¦ులకు à°¸్à°ªంà°¦ింà°šà°¨ి TB.
- **మల్à°Ÿీà°¡్à°°à°—్-à°°ెà°¸ిà°¸్à°Ÿెంà°Ÿ్ TB (MDR-TB)** – à°…à°¨ేà°• à°ª్à°°à°§ాà°¨ à°®ంà°¦ులకు à°°ెà°¸ిà°¸్à°Ÿెంà°Ÿ్ TB.
- **à°Žà°•్à°¸్à°Ÿెà°¨్à°¸ిà°µ్ à°¡్à°°à°—్-à°°ెà°¸ిà°¸్à°Ÿెంà°Ÿ్ TB (XDR-TB)** – à°¡్à°°à°—్-à°°ెà°¸ిà°¸్à°Ÿెంà°Ÿ్ TB à°¯ొà°•్à°• à°¤ీà°µ్à°°à°®ైà°¨ à°°ూà°ªం.
- **à°°à°•్à°¤ంà°¤ో దగ్à°—à°¡ం** – à°•్à°°ిà°¯ాà°¶ీà°² పల్à°®ోనరీ TB à°¯ొà°•్à°• à°®ుà°–్à°¯ లక్à°·à°£ం.
- **à°°ాà°¤్à°°ిà°ªూà°Ÿ à°šెమటలు** – TB à°°ోà°—ుà°²్à°²ో à°¸ాà°§ాà°°à°£ లక్à°·à°£ం.
- **à°›ాà°¤ి à°¨ొà°ª్à°ªి** – పల్à°®ోనరీ TB à°¯ొà°•్à°• లక్à°·à°£ం.
- **à°¬ాà°¸ిà°²్లస్ à°•ాà°²్à°®ేà°Ÿ్-à°—్à°¯ూà°¯ెà°°ిà°¨్ (BCG)** – TB à°•ోà°¸ం à°Ÿీà°•ా.
- **à°Ÿ్à°¯ూబర్à°•్à°¯ుà°²ిà°¨్ à°¸్à°•ిà°¨్ à°Ÿెà°¸్à°Ÿ్ (TST)** – TB à°¨ిà°°్à°§ాà°°à°£ పరీà°•్à°·.
- **à°‡ంà°Ÿà°°్à°«ెà°°ాà°¨్-à°—ాà°®ా à°°ీà°²ీà°œ్ à°…à°¸్à°¸ే (IGRAs)** – TB à°¸ంà°•్రమణ à°¨ిà°°్à°§ారణకు à°°à°•్à°¤ పరీà°•్à°·.
- **à°¸్à°ªుà°Ÿà°®్ à°•à°²్à°šà°°్** – à°Šà°ªిà°°ిà°¤ిà°¤్à°¤ుà°² à°¶్à°²ేà°·్à°®ంà°²ో TB à°¬్à°¯ాà°•్à°Ÿీà°°ిà°¯ాà°¨ు à°•à°¨ుà°—ొà°¨ే పరీà°•్à°·.
- **à°°ిà°«ాంà°ªిà°¨్/ఇసోà°¨ిà°¯ాà°œిà°¡్** – TB à°šిà°•ిà°¤్à°¸ à°•ోà°¸ం à°ª్à°°ాథమిà°• à°®ంà°¦ుà°²ు.
- **DOTS (à°¡ైà°°ెà°•్à°Ÿ్à°—ా ఆబ్జర్à°µ్ à°šేà°¸ిà°¨ à°Ÿ్à°°ీà°Ÿ్à°®ెంà°Ÿ్ à°·ాà°°్à°Ÿ్-à°•ోà°°్à°¸్)** – TB à°šిà°•ిà°¤్à°¸ా పద్ధతి.
- **à°Žà°¯ిà°°్à°¬ోà°°్à°¨్ à°Ÿ్à°°ాà°¨్à°¸్à°®ిà°·à°¨్** – TB à°—ాà°²ి à°¦్à°µాà°°ా à°Žà°²ా à°µ్à°¯ాà°ªిà°¸్à°¤ుంà°¦ి.
- **à°—్à°°ాà°¨్à°¯ూà°²ోà°®ా** – శరీà°°ంà°²ో TB à°¸ంà°•్రమణకు ఇమ్à°¯ూà°¨్ à°°ెà°¸్à°ªాà°¨్à°¸్.
à°ˆ పదాà°²ు TB, à°¦ాà°¨ి à°µ్à°¯ాà°ª్à°¤ి, లక్à°·à°£ాà°²ు, మరిà°¯ు à°šిà°•ిà°¤్à°¸ా à°µిà°§ాà°¨ాలను à°…à°°్à°¥ం à°šేà°¸ుà°•ోవడాà°¨ిà°•ి à°•ీలకమైనవి.
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